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—— ON THIS DAY ——
AUGUST 18, 1920
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
106 years ago
The ratification of the 19th Amendment by Tennessee on August 18, 1920, the final state needed to guarantee American women the right to vote, decided by a single dramatic vote.
On August 18, 1920, in the Tennessee House of Representatives in Nashville, the seventy-two-year struggle for American women's suffrage came down to a single deciding vote. Thirty-five states had ratified the proposed 19th Amendment, which would prohibit denying the vote on the basis of sex. One more was needed to make it law, and Tennessee was the last realistic hope before the coming election. Suffragists and their opponents had descended on the state capital, and the outcome hung in the balance.
The vote in the House was deadlocked, with the chamber twice tied at forty-eight to forty-eight. Among the opponents was a twenty-four-year-old legislator named Harry Burn, who had intended to vote against ratification. But in his pocket that day was a letter from his mother, Febb Burn, urging him to 'be a good boy' and vote for suffrage. When his name was called, to the shock of the chamber, he voted yes, breaking the tie and giving the amendment its final state.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
The long suffrage movement, the decades of organizing, campaigning, and protest by generations of women that culminated in the ratification of the 19th Amendment.
The drama did not end with Burn's vote. Anti-suffrage legislators, furious at the result, attempted to reverse it on procedural grounds, and some fled the state in an effort to prevent the ratification from being finalized. Burn defended his decision on the floor, saying that a good boy always does what his mother asks. But the vote held, and Tennessee's ratification gave the amendment the three-quarters majority of states it required.
The struggle that reached its climax in Nashville had begun more than seven decades earlier at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, where activists first demanded the vote. Across the generations that followed, suffragists organized state campaigns, lobbied Congress, marched, picketed the White House, went to jail, and endured force-feeding on hunger strikes. Most of the women who launched the movement did not live to see it succeed.
On August 26, 1920, the amendment was formally certified, and American women, at least in principle, had won the right to vote. The victory was real but incomplete: many Black women, Native American women, and others continued to face barriers to the ballot for decades to come, barriers not fully addressed until the Voting Rights Act of 1965. But the ratification in Tennessee, hanging on a young man's decision to heed his mother, closed a seventy-two-year chapter and opened the electorate to half the population.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
It gave American women the constitutional right to vote. The ratification of the 19th Amendment enfranchised half the population in principle, one of the most consequential expansions of democracy in American history and the culmination of a struggle that had lasted seventy-two years.
It demonstrated how narrowly great changes can turn. The amendment became law because a single twenty-four-year-old legislator changed his vote after a letter from his mother. Few pivotal moments in American history have hinged on so slender a margin.
The victory was real but incomplete. Many Black, Native American, and other women continued to face barriers to voting for decades. The 19th Amendment opened the ballot to millions while leaving unfinished the longer struggle for truly universal suffrage.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
On August 18, 1920, the seventy-two-year fight for women's suffrage came down to one vote in Tennessee, and a twenty-four-year-old legislator cast it for ratification after reading a letter from his mother. The 19th Amendment became law. American women had the vote, and the deciding voice had been a mother's.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
“Don't forget to be a good boy and help Mrs. Catt put the rat in ratification.”
— Febb Burn, in the letter to her son that decided the vote, 1920
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about the ratification of the 19th Amendment, the deciding vote in Tennessee, the letter from Harry Burn's mother, and the long struggle for women's suffrage?
