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Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh, Scotland
29 years ago

Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996, at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland — the first mammal ever cloned from an adult somatic cell. Her birth was kept secret for seven months while the research was prepared for publication; when the news broke in February 1997, it became one of the biggest science stories of the decade and triggered an immediate global debate about the ethics and implications of cloning.

Dolly was created by a team led by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer. They took the nucleus from a mammary gland cell of an adult ewe, inserted it into an egg cell that had had its own nucleus removed, and stimulated the egg to develop into an embryo. The embryo was implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly was the genetic copy of the sheep whose mammary cell had been used — which is why she was named, with characteristic scientific humor, after the country singer Dolly Parton.

The achievement overturned a long-held assumption in biology: that once a cell had specialized into a particular tissue type, its developmental fate was fixed and could not be reversed. Dolly proved that the nucleus of an adult, fully differentiated cell still contained all the genetic information needed to build an entire organism, and that this information could be 'reprogrammed.' This insight opened the entire field of regenerative medicine and stem cell research.

Dolly's birth was the success after 276 failures — she was the only lamb to survive to adulthood out of 277 attempts. This low success rate, and concerns about premature aging and health problems in cloned animals, tempered the initial excitement. Dolly developed arthritis at a relatively young age and was euthanized in February 2003, at six years old, after developing a lung disease common in sheep. Whether her health problems were related to her being a clone remains scientifically debated; her surviving genetic 'sisters,' cloned later, lived to normal old age.

The prospect that the technique could, in principle, be applied to humans triggered immediate ethical and legislative responses worldwide. Many countries banned human reproductive cloning. The debate forced societies to confront questions about identity, individuality, and the limits of biotechnology that had previously been purely theoretical. While human reproductive cloning has not occurred, the underlying science of cellular reprogramming led directly to the development of induced pluripotent stem cells, for which Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize in 2012. Dolly, taxidermied, is on display at the National Museum of Scotland.

On July 5, 1996, a sheep was born in Scotland that was the genetic copy of another sheep. It took 277 attempts. Dolly proved that adult cells could be reprogrammed to build a whole organism — overturning a basic law of biology, opening the age of regenerative medicine, and forcing the world to ask what cloning should and shouldn't be allowed to do.

How much do you know about Dolly the sheep, somatic cell nuclear transfer, the 276 failed attempts before her, and the revolution in stem cell science that her birth set in motion?