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—— ON THIS DAY ——
NOVEMBER 10, 1871
Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika
155 years ago
The meeting of Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, dated by Stanley to November 10, 1871.
On the day Henry Morton Stanley recorded as November 10, 1871, he walked into the settlement of Ujiji on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika at the head of a column, had the American flag carried in front of him, and approached an elderly, ill white man standing among the crowd. By his own account he suppressed the urge to run, took off his hat and said the words that became one of the most repeated lines in the English language, asking whether he had the honour of addressing Doctor Livingstone.
The date itself is uncertain. Stanley's published account gives November 10, but his field diary and other evidence suggest the meeting actually took place in late October, and historians have long suspected he adjusted details for effect. There is reason to doubt the greeting too. The relevant pages were removed from his diary, and Livingstone's own account does not record it. The line may have been invented or polished after the fact for his readers, which did not stop it becoming immortal.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary, doctor and explorer whose journeys across central Africa and campaigning against the slave trade made him a Victorian hero.
Livingstone had been out of contact for years. A missionary, physician and explorer who had crossed the continent and charted the Zambezi, he had gone looking for the source of the Nile and had vanished from European knowledge. In Britain his disappearance was a national preoccupation. Stanley, a Welsh-born journalist working for the New York Herald, was dispatched by his editor with instructions to find him and with the resources to mount a large expedition out of Zanzibar.
The search cost a great deal more than the newspaper's money. Stanley's caravan numbered in the hundreds, and many of the porters and guards died of disease, desertion and violence along the route. Stanley's methods toward the men he hired and the people whose territory he crossed were brutal even by the standards of his contemporaries, and he was criticized for them in his own lifetime. The two men, once met, travelled and explored the north end of Lake Tanganyika together for several months. Livingstone refused to leave Africa and died there in 1873.
The consequences of the story go far beyond a famous greeting. Stanley's dispatches and books made African exploration into mass-market journalism and helped create the public appetite in Europe for intervention in the continent's interior. Stanley later worked for Leopold II of Belgium, surveying and securing territory that became the Congo Free State, a personal possession of the Belgian king in which forced labour for rubber and ivory killed on a vast scale. The era of European partition that followed, formalized at the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885, drew boundaries across central Africa whose consequences are still being worked out.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
It turned exploration into mass media. A newspaper funded an expedition specifically to generate a story, and the result was a worldwide sensation that established the template for the commercially driven adventure journalism that followed.
It fed the European appetite for carving up Africa. The publicity around Stanley's journeys helped build political and public support in Europe for intervention in the African interior, which culminated in the partition formalized at the Berlin Conference.
Stanley's later career had catastrophic consequences. His work securing territory for Leopold II of Belgium helped create the Congo Free State, where forced labour for rubber and ivory produced one of the worst atrocities of the colonial era.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
Stanley spent eight months and a great many lives finding a man who did not want to be found, and greeted him with a line that may never have been spoken on a date that was probably wrong. The story made him famous, made African exploration into popular entertainment, and helped open the way to the partition of a continent.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
“Doctor Livingstone, I presume?”
— Henry Morton Stanley, by his own account, at Ujiji in 1871
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about Stanley's search for Livingstone, the doubts about the famous greeting, Livingstone's own work in Africa, and what Stanley did afterward?
