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—— ON THIS DAY ——
AUGUST 2, 1990
Kuwait
36 years ago
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, the act of aggression that led to the Gulf War and a US-led coalition of more than thirty nations.
In the early hours of August 2, 1990, roughly one hundred thousand Iraqi troops and hundreds of tanks poured across the border into Kuwait, the small, oil-rich emirate on Iraq's southern flank. Kuwait's modest defenses were overwhelmed within hours. By the end of the day, Republican Guard units occupied Kuwait City, the emir had fled to Saudi Arabia, and Iraq's leader Saddam Hussein had seized one of the wealthiest states in the region.
The invasion grew out of grievances that had been building for months. Iraq emerged from its brutal eight-year war with Iran in 1988 victorious in name but staggering under tens of billions of dollars in debt, much of it owed to Kuwait and other Gulf states. Saddam accused Kuwait of overproducing oil to keep prices low, of stealing from a shared oil field, and of refusing to forgive Iraq's wartime loans. When negotiations failed, he chose to take Kuwait by force and soon declared it Iraq's nineteenth province.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
Operation Desert Shield and the coalition buildup, the enormous international military response assembled in Saudi Arabia after the invasion, which would become Operation Desert Storm in January 1991.
The world's reaction was swift and nearly unanimous. On the day of the invasion, the United Nations Security Council condemned it and demanded Iraq's withdrawal. Within days a global trade embargo was imposed, and Saudi Arabia, fearing it might be next, requested American protection. Operation Desert Shield began on August 9 as US forces rushed to the Gulf, eventually joined by troops from more than thirty countries in one of the broadest military coalitions ever assembled.
Saddam refused to withdraw, building his occupying army in Kuwait to hundreds of thousands of troops and holding Western civilians as human shields for a time. In November the Security Council authorized the use of force if Iraq did not leave by January 15, 1991. When the deadline passed, the coalition launched Operation Desert Storm, a devastating air campaign followed by a ground offensive that liberated Kuwait in a matter of days. Retreating Iraqi forces set fire to hundreds of Kuwaiti oil wells, blackening the sky for months.
The war ended with Iraqi forces expelled but Saddam still in power, a decision that would shape the region for more than a decade. The conflict left a permanent US military presence in the Gulf, deepened tensions that contributed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and demonstrated a new era of televised warfare broadcast live around the world. The night Iraq crossed into Kuwait set much of the modern Middle East on its current course.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
The invasion triggered the largest military coalition since the Second World War. More than thirty nations joined the effort to reverse Iraq's conquest, an extraordinary show of international unity that defined the brief post-Cold War moment when the great powers acted in concert.
It established a lasting American military presence in the Gulf. The bases, alliances, and commitments that grew out of 1990 kept the United States deeply embroiled in the region for decades, with consequences that included the 2003 Iraq War and much that followed.
It set patterns that would shape the region for a generation. The decision to expel Iraq from Kuwait without removing Saddam left an unresolved confrontation that festered through the 1990s. The grievances, sanctions, and rivalries that flowed from the invasion are still visible in the Middle East today.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and conquered it in a single day over oil and debt. The world assembled the largest coalition in half a century to reverse it. Kuwait was freed within months, but the confrontation the invasion began has shaped the Middle East ever since.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
“The fundamental interest in the security of the Persian Gulf is oil.”
— Paul Wolfowitz, US Under Secretary of Defense, on the stakes of the crisis, 1990
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the grievances behind it, the coalition assembled to reverse it, and the Gulf War that followed?
