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—— ON THIS DAY ——
JUNE 12, 1929
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
96 years ago
Anne Frank, passport photograph, May 1942 — taken one month before she received the diary and two months before the Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex at 263 Prinsengracht, Amsterdam.
Annelies Marie Frank was born on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the second daughter of Otto and Edith Frank. The family fled Germany in 1934 after Hitler's rise to power and settled in Amsterdam, where Otto ran a spice and pectin business. On June 12, 1942 — her thirteenth birthday — Anne received a red-and-white checked diary as a gift. She began writing in it immediately. Six weeks later, the family went into hiding.
From July 6, 1942, to August 4, 1944 — 761 days — Anne Frank, her parents, her sister Margot, and four other Jewish people hid in concealed rooms behind a bookcase on the upper floors of the office building at 263 Prinsengracht, Amsterdam. They were supplied and protected by trusted non-Jewish employees and friends. On August 4, 1944, the Gestapo raided the building following an anonymous tip that has never been definitively identified. All eight occupants were arrested. Otto Frank was the only one who survived the war.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
The Anne Frank House at 263 Prinsengracht, Amsterdam — now a museum visited by over 1.2 million people per year, where the Frank family and four others hid from the Nazis for 761 days before being discovered and deported.
Anne Frank's diary — which Miep Gies, one of the helpers, rescued from the floor of the Secret Annex after the arrests and gave to Otto Frank after the war — was published in Dutch in 1947 as Het Achterhuis (The Secret Annex). It has since been translated into seventy languages, sold over thirty million copies, and become one of the most widely read accounts of the Holocaust. The diary's power comes not from its record of atrocity — Anne did not witness the camps — but from its record of a young person's inner life: her humor, her ambition, her developing sense of herself, her conflicts with her mother, her feelings for Peter van Pels, her determination to become a writer.
After the arrest, Anne and the other occupants were transported to Westerbork transit camp, then to Auschwitz-Birkenau in September 1944 — one of the last transports before the camp was liberated. In late October or early November 1944, Anne and Margot were transferred to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Margot died of typhus in February 1945. Anne died a few days later, at fifteen. The camp was liberated by British forces on April 15, 1945 — Anne had died perhaps two or three weeks before liberation.
The question of who betrayed the Frank family has never been definitively answered. A 2022 investigation by a team including a former FBI agent, Vince Pankoke, concluded that the informer was most likely a Jewish notary named Arnold van den Bergh, who may have passed information about hiding places to the Nazis to protect his own family. The conclusion was disputed by historians, and the full truth remains uncertain. The anonymous tip of August 4, 1944, remains one of the most consequential unsolved mysteries of the Second World War.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
The Diary of a Young Girl is the most widely read personal account of the Holocaust in the world. Unlike the testimonies of survivors, Anne Frank's diary records the inner life of someone who did not survive — who did not know the outcome. Its power comes partly from this: the reader knows what Anne did not, and the gap between her hope and her fate is what has made the book emotionally resonant for eighty years.
Anne Frank's story represents the murder of 1.5 million Jewish children during the Holocaust. Her diary has made her the most individually known of these children — but she represents all of them. The specificity of her voice, her ambitions, her humor, her love of Dickens and movie stars, makes her death a concrete rather than statistical fact.
The unsolved question of the betrayal is still being actively investigated. The 2022 investigation produced new hypotheses but not a definitive answer. Historians and investigators continue to examine the August 4, 1944, raid. The identity of whoever made the anonymous tip has shaped how the story of the Secret Annex is told for eighty years without being resolved.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
On June 12, 1942, a thirteen-year-old in Amsterdam received a diary for her birthday. She wrote in it for twenty-five months while hiding from people who wanted to kill her for being Jewish. They found her. She died at fifteen. Her father published the diary. Eighty years later, thirty million people have read her words.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
"I want to go on living even after my death."
— Anne Frank, diary entry, April 5, 1944
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about Anne Frank's life before hiding, the years in the Secret Annex, the people who protected the Frank family, the circumstances of their discovery and deportation, and the question of who betrayed them?
