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15 min conversation. 15 min open Q&A. For Seed to Series A teams.
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—— ON THIS DAY ——
NOVEMBER 12, 1970
Ganges Delta, East Pakistan
56 years ago
The Bhola cyclone of November 12, 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, which struck the Ganges Delta of what was then East Pakistan.
On the night of November 12, 1970, a tropical cyclone came ashore across the islands and coastal districts of the Ganges Delta in East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. It arrived at high tide with winds of around 185 kilometres per hour and pushed a storm surge estimated at up to ten metres across land that in most places lies only a few metres above sea level. Most people were asleep. There was nowhere high to go.
The death toll has never been established precisely. Figures commonly cited range from about three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand, and some estimates run higher. Entire island communities were erased. Hundreds of thousands of livestock were lost, the rice harvest was destroyed days before it was due to be gathered, and the fishing fleet of the region was largely wiped out. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded anywhere in the world.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
Tropical cyclones, the storm systems whose destructive power in low-lying, densely populated deltas has made the northern Bay of Bengal one of the most dangerous coastlines on Earth.
Warnings had been issued. Pakistan's meteorological service had tracked the storm and broadcast alerts, and radio messages went out the day before landfall. But few households in the affected districts had radios, the warning categories were not well understood, there were no shelters to go to, and there was no mechanism to carry the message to villages in the final hours. The structural problem was not prediction but communication and evacuation.
The relief response from the central government in West Pakistan, more than a thousand miles away across Indian territory, was slow and widely seen in the east as indifferent. Foreign aid arrived, helicopters were in short supply, and bodies were still unburied in many areas weeks later. East Pakistani political leaders and newspapers accused the government of criminal neglect. The anger fed directly into the general election held in December, just weeks after the storm, in which the Awami League under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won almost every seat in the east and an overall majority in the national assembly.
The refusal of the West Pakistani leadership to let that majority take power led to a crackdown in March 1971, a war of independence, enormous atrocities, millions of refugees crossing into India, and Indian military intervention. Bangladesh became independent in December 1971. The country has since built one of the most effective cyclone preparedness systems in the developing world, with thousands of raised concrete shelters, a volunteer warning network that reaches villages directly, and coastal embankments. Storms of comparable strength have struck since and killed a tiny fraction as many people.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
It is the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded. A single night of wind and water in a low delta killed somewhere between three hundred thousand and half a million people, a toll no storm before or since has approached.
The political response helped produce an independent Bangladesh. Anger at the central government's handling of relief fed directly into the December 1970 election result and the crisis that followed, ending in a war of independence and a new nation within thirteen months.
It changed how vulnerable coastlines prepare. Bangladesh built a network of shelters, embankments and village-level volunteer warning systems that has cut deaths from comparable storms by orders of magnitude, and the model is studied worldwide.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
A cyclone came ashore at high tide on the night of November 12, 1970, across a delta where almost nothing stands more than a few metres above the water. Hundreds of thousands died in their sleep. The relief effort was so poorly handled that within thirteen months the region had fought a war and become a separate country.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
“The sea came into the houses and there was no higher ground.”
— A survivor's account of the 1970 cyclone in the Ganges Delta
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about the Bhola cyclone, why the warnings did not save lives, the political crisis that followed, and the preparedness systems Bangladesh built afterward?
