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—— ON THIS DAY ——
NOVEMBER 11, 1918
Compiègne, France
108 years ago
The Armistice of November 11, 1918, signed in a railway carriage in the forest of Compiègne, which ended the fighting of the First World War on the Western Front.
At about five in the morning on November 11, 1918, in a railway carriage parked on a siding in the forest of Compiègne north of Paris, German representatives signed the armistice that ended the fighting of the First World War. The terms were dictated rather than negotiated: German forces were to withdraw from occupied territory and from the left bank of the Rhine, surrender enormous quantities of weapons, artillery, aircraft, locomotives and submarines, and the Allied naval blockade would continue. The ceasefire was set to take effect at eleven in the morning, six hours later.
Those six hours were not quiet. Some commanders stopped offensive operations on learning the news. Others did not, for reasons ranging from doubts about whether the Germans would honour the terms to a desire to take ground, or a town, before the clock ran out. Casualties on the last morning of the war ran to several thousand on all sides. The last Commonwealth soldier killed is generally identified as George Lawrence Price, shot at about two minutes to eleven. The American Henry Gunther was killed at about one minute to eleven, charging a German machine gun position whose crew reportedly tried to wave him off.
—— MARQUEE EVENT ——
The Western Front, the line of trenches running from the North Sea to Switzerland where the greater part of the fighting took place for more than four years.
Germany's position had collapsed over the preceding months. The spring offensives of 1918 had exhausted its armies without breaking the Allied line, American troops were arriving in large numbers, the Allied advance from August onward had broken through defensive systems once thought impregnable, and Germany's partners had already sought terms. At home the blockade had produced severe hunger, the navy had mutinied at Kiel, revolution had spread to the cities, and the Kaiser had abdicated two days before the signing.
The armistice was a ceasefire, not a peace treaty. It was extended several times while the terms of the settlement were argued at Paris, and the Treaty of Versailles was signed in June 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors. Its reparations and war guilt provisions, and the political myth cultivated in Germany that the army had been stabbed in the back by politicians rather than beaten in the field, fed the resentment that later movements exploited. In June 1940, after the fall of France, Hitler had the same railway carriage brought out of a museum and placed on the same spot to receive the French surrender.
About seventeen million people had died, soldiers and civilians together, and roughly twenty million were wounded. An influenza pandemic moving through the exhausted populations of the world would kill many millions more. The eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month became the time of national remembrance across the Commonwealth, in France, and in the United States, where Armistice Day was later renamed Veterans Day. In Britain and the Commonwealth, two minutes of silence are still observed at that moment.
—— WHY THIS MATTERS ——
It ended the deadliest war the world had yet seen. More than four years of industrialized warfare had killed around seventeen million people and destroyed four empires. The armistice stopped the fighting, though not the hunger, disease or political upheaval that followed.
It settled nothing, and the settlement that followed failed. The armistice was a ceasefire. The Treaty of Versailles that followed produced grievances and a myth of betrayal in Germany that helped create the conditions for a second and worse war within twenty-one years.
It created the modern rituals of remembrance. The eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month became a fixed moment of national silence and commemoration across much of the world, and the poppy became its emblem.
—— THE TAKEAWAY ——
The armistice was signed at five in the morning on November 11, 1918, and set to begin at eleven. Commanders spent the gap attacking anyway, and thousands of men were killed in a war that everyone present knew had ended. The guns stopped at eleven, and much of the world still stops with them.
—— QUOTE OF THE DAY ——
“At the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.”
— The formulation used for the moment the Armistice took effect, November 11, 1918
—— OUR QUIZ OF THE DAY ——
How much do you know about the Armistice of 1918, where and how it was signed, the fighting during its final hours, and the settlement that followed?
